Sign- An act or gesture used to convey an idea, a desire, information, or a command. facial expressions, speech disorders, slogans graffiti, commercials, medical symtoms, marketing, music, drawings, paintings, poetry, design. Signs can mean something other than themselves. 
index-Something that serves to guide, point out, or otherwise facilitate reference.

symbol-Something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention.

there's always

something. Right? #designtimes

Questions 11.30

Ways to indicate a new paragraph?: indent first line, hanging indent, bold or colored typeface.

What are some things to look out for when hyphenating text?:

Try to leave at least 2 characters on the line and 3 following, avoid hyphenating proper nouns.

Define font hinting. Why is it necessary?

Font hinting: using a rasterized grid to display letter forms that look right to the human eye. At low screen resolutions, hinting is critical for producing a clear, legible text.

What is letterspacing/tracking? How do you track in Illustrator or InDesign?

Tracking is the process of loosening or tightening a block of text by adjusting the size of the text height. To manipulate tracking in Illustrator or InDesign, type or select a numeric value for Tracking (looks like A over A) in the Character panel.

Define Kerning? Name 8 kerning pairs. How do you kern in InDesign or Illustrator?

Kerning is the process of adding or subtracting space between specific pairs of characters. You can automatically kern type using metrics kerning or optical kerning. Metrics kerning uses kern pairs, which are included with most fonts. Kern pairs contain information about the spacing of specific pairs of letters. Some of these are: LA, P., To, Tr, Ta, Tu, Te, Ty, Wa, WA, We, Wo, Ya, and Yo. To kern in Illustrator or InDesign, type or select a numeric value for kerning (looks like A V) in the Character panel.

What is wordspacing?

Word spacing refers to the size of the space between words.

Explain DIN

DIN, an acronym for the German Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Institute for Standardization), and the name of an increasingly large realist sans-serif typeface family. The design was based on a 1905 typeface for the Royal Prussian Railway Administration and was originally used for schematics and blueprints. As the typeface grew in popularity, it was released as a metal type, made into stencils for use on vehicles and in train yards, and used for street and building signage. DIN's structure has been accredited as an early forerunner of the typographic grid and widely used by signage and corporate identities around the world.

What is a baseline grid?

A baseline grid is an imaginary grid upon which type sits. The baseline pf a piece of type can be forced to 'snap' to this grid to maintain continuity across the pages of a design.  The grid in Baseline is composed of 4 basic columns, for more flexibility each column can be divided in 2 units.

How many characters per line is optimal? Is there a range?
Optimal words per line is between 40-80. 

Define aesthetic text alignment (optically hanging punctuation)

Hanging punctuation controls the alignment of punctuation marks for a specific paragraph. Paragraph alignment determines the margin from which the punctuation hangs. 

What is a typographic river?

A typographic river occurs in justified text blocks when the separation of the words leaves gaps of white space in several lines. A river effect is created where white space gaps align through the text.

What is a widow?

A paragraph-ending line that falls at the beginning of the following page/column, thus separated from the rest of the text.

What is an orphan?

are words or short lines at the beginning or end of a paragraph, which are left dangling at the top or bottom of a column, separated from the rest of the paragraph. -avoid at all costs.

fot0

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Calle
http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2009/sep/23/sophie-calle


Sophie Calle-Calle's work is distinguished by its use of arbitrary sets of constraints, and evokes the French literary movement of the 1960s known as Oulipo. Her work frequently depicts human vulnerability, and examines identity and intimacy. 

--------------------
2 images, short bio, 2 -3 links. 
Terry Richardson-Top fashion photographer. Son of famous fashion photographer Bob Richardson. Lived in Paris, NYC, Woodstock, London and Los Angeles as a child.
http://www.terrysdiary.com/
http://models.com/people/terry-richardson
































Matadin-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inez_van_Lamsweerde_and_Vinoodh_Matadin
are a Dutch fashion photographer duo, well known for their work for fashion magazines, advertising campaigns, and for their independent art work.

Ellen von Unwerth


Ellen von Unwerth (born 1954 in Frankfurt, Germany) is a photographer and director, specializing in erotic femininity. She worked as a fashion model for ten years herself before moving behind the camera, and now makes fashion, editorial, and advertising photographs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inez_van_Lamsweerde_and_Vinoodh_Matadin


http://www.ellenvonunwerth.com/blank

Barbara Krueger*****

http://www.barbarakruger.com/

American collage artist
famous for her layered photographs

.http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/feminist/Barbara-Kruger.html

Designers.

Who is Herb Lubalin?

cooper union graduate. Worked for a few advertising agencies and then opened his own firm.  He was a logo designer who injected visual metaphors into typography. denied traditional letter spacing. Editor. bold layouts. designed magazines. 

Why was Esguire important?

Combined  fiction, sports, humor, poetry, fashion and other elements of lush lifestyles targeted at men. published respected writers such as hemingway. but the pinup girls brought on bad publicity. 

Who is Alexey Broadavich?
Worked on harpers bazaar, freed the page to take pleasure in white space an the finely tuned pacing of text and image.

What did Hoefler-Jones do for Harper"s
Didot type family.

Who is Gail Anderson?
art director of rolling stone.

Who is David Carson?
Art director of Ray Gun, put together first issue. typography was his core.

Whot is Tibor and what is M&Co?
Designer of Color, lack of decorative elements and visual devices and limited use of sans-serif typefaces allowed the photography and content to speak more loudly than the design. M&Co: (M for his wife) with two other designers from barnes and noble. wit humor and social consciousness through an approach sinuously shifting between deadpan and expressive wasnt immediate. he closed this and moved to italy to work on Color.

Who is Neville Brody?
Art director of The Face. introduced first custom typeface with issue number 50, a unique aesthetic.

What is Speak?
Magazine: thoughtful writing on culture, loosely covering music, fashion, literature, and art. 
Used found materials and hand drawn elements because of their low budget. 

things

What are small capitals? How are they different than setting something in ALL CAPS? Does your font have small caps? If not name a font that does.are uppercase characters set at the same height and weight as surrounding lowercase letters or text figures. They are used in running text to prevent capitalized words from appearing too large on the page, and as a method of emphasis or distinctiveness for text alongside or instead of italics or whenbold  is inappropriate.

What are ligatures? Why are they used? When are they not used? What are common ligatures? Does your font have ligatures? If not name a font that does.
are combinations of characters that were designed because, in metal typesetting, the overhanging ascenders in the letter 'f' would crash into an ascender or the dot of an i if it directly followed the f. ligatures have better results in photographic or digital settings as well because the ascender of the 'f' and the dot of the letter i  are designed to join instead of arbitrarily overlapping. If extra letter spacing is used in a text, however, these combination of characters have to be set separately. 
What is the difference between a foot mark and an apostrophe?
A punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritic mark used for three main reasons: to omit one or more letters, mark a possessive case, and mark plurals. 

What is the difference between an inch mark and a quote mark (smart quote)?
inch mark-  two straight vertical lines making up the symbol denoting to the unit of measurement inches. Quotation marks-punctuation marks appearing at the beginning and ending of a quote. Smart quotation marks have a curve to them.

What is a hyphen, en dash and em dashes, what are the differences and when are they used?h
Hyphen- punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word. 
Em-dash- used in a sentence to indicate a break in thought. 
en-dash-is traditionally half the width of an em dash and is used when denoting a range.

breakfast/walbaum
walbaum/breakfast
WALFAST
BREAKBAUM